Origin and Habitat: Ai-Ais and adjacent areas, Namibia.

• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis (de Boer) D.T.Cole
• Lithops erniana var. aiaisensis de Boer

• Lithops karasmontana N.E.Br.
• Mesembryanthemum karasmontanum Dinter & Schwantes
• Lithops damarana (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.
• Mesembryanthemum damaranum N.E.Br.
• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis (de Boer) D.T.Cole
• Lithops erniana var. aiaisensis de Boer
• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis C224 TL: 110 km W of Karasburg, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis C409 30 km E of Ai-Ais, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C065 (Signalberg Form) 25 km WNW of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C168 (syn. mickbergensis) 10 km NNE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C169 (syn. mickbergensis) 20 km NNE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C223 25 km NE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C225 30 km NW of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C226 25 km W of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C227 (syn. jacobseniana) TL: 10 km SW of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C317 (syn. mickbergensis) 15 km NE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C327 (syn. mickbergensis) 15 km NNE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C328 (Signalberg Form) 25 km WNW of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana C408 40 km NE of Ai-Ais, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. lateritia (Dinter) hort., nov. comb. ined.
• Lithops lateritia Dinter
• Lithops karasmontana var. lericheana (Dinter & Schwantes) D.T.Cole
• Lithops bella var. lericheana (Dinter & Schwantes) de Boer
• Lithops lericheana Dinter & Schwantes
• Mesembryanthemum lericheanum Dinter & Schwantes
• Lithops karasmontana var. lericheana C193 50 km NNE of Grünau, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. lericheana C267 TL: 70 km N of Karasburg, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. lericheana C329 70 km N of Karasburg, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. lericheana C330 70 km N of Karasburg, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana var. mickbergensis (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops jacobseniana Schwantes
• Lithops mickbergensis Dinter
• Lithops karasmontana var. opalina (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops karasmontana subs. opalina (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops opalina Dinter
• Lithops karasmontana var. summitatum (Dinter) de Boer
• Lithops summitatum Dinter
• Mesembryanthemum summitatum Dinter
• Lithops karasmontana var. tischeri D.T.Cole
• Lithops fossulifera Tischer in H.Jacobsen
• Lithops karasmontana var. tischeri C182 TL: 30 km NNE of Grünau, Namibia

• Lithops karasmontana subs. bella (N.E.Br.) D.T.Cole
• Lithops bella N.E.Br.
• Mesembryanthemum bellum (N.E.Br.) Dinter in Fedde
• Lithops karasmontana subs. bella C108 TL: 5 km S of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. bella C143A 60 km NNE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. bella C285 Near Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. bella C295 115 km SSE of Aus, Namibia

• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii (Dinter & Schwantes) D.T.Cole
• Lithops bella var. eberlanzii (Dinter & Schwantes) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops eberlanzii (Dinter & Schwantes) N.E.Br.
• Mesembryanthemum eberlanzii Dinter & Schwantes
• Lithops edithae N.E.Br. non Schwantes
• Lithops erniana Tischer ex H.Jacobsen
• Lithops erniana var. witputzensis de Boer
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C082 35 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C147 (syn. erniana) 40 km S of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C149 (syn. erniana witputzensis) TL: 110 km SSE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C208 10 km S of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C209 (syn. erniana) 10 km SSE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C369 TL: 20 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C370 35 km 35 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C398 45 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C399 45 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C400 45 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C401 25 km SE of Lüderitz, Namibia
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C404 50 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia

• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis cv. Orange top
• Lithops karasmontana var. aiaisensis cv. Red Blushed Selection
• Lithops karasmontana var. mickbergensis cv. 99.44% white
• Lithops karasmontana var. summitatum cv. Red Selection
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C370A TL: 35 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia cv. Avocado Cream D.T.Cole
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii C402 40 km E of Lüderitz, Namibia cv. Avocado Cream
• Lithops karasmontana subs. eberlanzii cv. Purper
• Lithops karasmontana cv. Top Red

Description: Lithops karasmontanaSN|12138]]SN|12138]] var. aiaisensis is one of the innumerable local form of the very variable Lithops karasmontanaSN|12138]]SN|12138]] coming from Ai-Ais in Namibia (hence the name). It distinguishes for the top of leaves varying from pale grey to brownish, with branched branched depressions or wrinkles darker grey to reddish-brown which form a network, window usually absent or not obvious. It has the same variable characteristics of the species.
Habit: Bodies solitary or in groups, to 4 cm high.
Flowers: Big up to 4,5 cm in diameter (mostly 25-35 mm) satiny white, narrow-rayed.
Blooming season: Late summer or early autumn.
Fruit: Seed capsules mostly 5-chambered, otherwise 4 or 6-chambered. Profile boat-shaped.
Seeds: Minuscule, yellow-brown; smooth to rugose.

Notes: Lithops karasmontanaSN|12138]]SN|12138]] is a choice example of the window-leaf ( fenestrate leaf) adaptation found in many other succulent species like Peperomia columnella, Fenestraria rhopalophyllaSN|11322]]SN|11322]], Haworthia truncataSN|11540]]SN|11538]], Ophthalmophyllum friedrichiaeSN|14645]]SN|14645]], etc. These windowed plants usually grows buried in the ground with only the upper truncated portion of the thick, succulent leaves visible. Both the coalescent leaf pair of Lithops (shaped like an inverted cone) and the leaves of the other windowed plants have a more or less upright position with the leaf tips at the soil surface or protruding only a little from the soil. The leaf tips either are rounded or flattened. This windows leaf tip is free of green pigments. The greater part of the photosynthetic leaf surface, the mantle, is not exposed directly to sun light since the leaf is embedded into the soil and the solar radiation is transmitted by the colourless water storage tissue to the assimilatory tissue, so the photosynthetically active mantle gets light only from inside the leaf and not across the epidermis. Moreover this light is more or less evenly dispersed over the whole assimilatory tissue since the water storage tissue disperses the solar radiation. All species of Lithops and Ophthalmophyllum have coloured windows that matches with the colours of the soil and the pebbles of the plant's habitat. While other window plants such as Haworthia maughaniSN|11538]]SN|11540]]i have dark green pigmented window areas. This green colour, however, does not result from a pigmentation of the window area but is the result of light that penetrates the window and is transmitted across the water storage tissue.

Bibliography: Major references and further lectures
1) Gert Cornelis Nel, “Lithops: Plantae Succulente, Rarissimae, in Terra Obsuratae, E Familia Aizoaceae, Ex Africa Australi” Hortors Limited, University Press, Stellenbosch. 1946
2) Linda R. Berg “Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment” Cengage Learning, 02/Mar/2007
3) Dieter J. Von Willert “Life strategies of succulents in deserts: with special reference to the Namib desert” CUP Archive, 1992
4) Chris Mcintyre “Namibia” Bradt Travel Guides, 2007
5) Neale (W. T.) & Co, Edgar Lamb “Neale's photographic reference plates, 1949: Combining cacti and other succulents” Vol. 2 W. T. Neale & Co.
6) RHS “A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants.” United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008
7) American Horticultural Society “The American Horticultural Society encyclopedia of garden plants” Macmillan, 30/Nov/1989
8) H. E. K. Hartmann “Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae F-Z” Springer, 2002
9) Schwantes, Gustav. “Flowering Stones and Mid-day Flowers” London: Ernst Benn. 1957
10) S. M Walters “The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: Casuarinaceae to Aristolochiaceae” Cambridge University Press, 1989
11) Clive Innes “Complete Handbook of Cacti and Succulents” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 01/Dec/1981
12) Cole, D. T. “Flowering stones” Acorn Books, Randburg. 1988
13) Smith et al. “Mesembs of the World.” Briza.Pretoria 1998
14) Leistner, O.A. (ed.), “Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera” Strelitzia 10., National Botanical Institute, Pretoria 2000
15) Achim Hecktheuer “Mesembs, mehr als nur Lithops” Books on Demand GmbH Norderstedt. 2008
16) Cole “LITHOPS Flowering Stones” Cactus & Co. Libri. 2005
17) Yasuhiko Shimada “The Genus Lithops” Dobun Shoin. 2001
18) Rudolf Heine “Lithops - Lebende Steine” Neumann Verlag. 1986
19) Bernd Schlösser “Lithops – Lebende Steine” Praktische Anleitung für die Zimmerkultur. BussinessPoint MEDIA. 2000
20) Steven A. Hammer “Lithops – Treasures of the veld” British Cactus and Succulent Society. 1999
21) David L. Sprechman “Lithops” Associated University Presses, Inc. 1970

Cultivation and Propagation: The Lithops (a.k.a. Living Stones) are some of the world's most fascinating plants and are sought by the collector of succulent plants. Paying attention to the particular growing requirement of Lithops is especially important. If you provide the Lithops with the right conditions, they will reward you with their unique shape, size, colour and a proliferation of blooms in autumn. However, Lithops are tricky plants that are very particular about their growing conditions and require the right maintenance in order to keep happy. But don't be afraid even the best growers have plants that mysteriously dry up, or leave during the night. While Lithops are picky about their care, if you are patient and remember the basics, your efforts will be rewarded. Being small plants, a representative collection can be grown on a patio table, a sunny windowsill or a shelf in the greenhouse.
Growing rate: Slow growing for a mesemb.
Soil: They grow best in an open mineral, sandy-gritty soil and requires good drainage as they are prone to root rot. They can grow outdoor in sunny, dry, rock crevices (protection against winter wet is required) They can also be cultivated in alpine house, in poor, drained soil.
Repotting: They may stay in the same pot for many years. Plants grown in larger containers have frequently relatively poor flowers. Flowers might improve when the plants are given their own, small individual pots.
Watering They Require little water otherwise the epidermis breaks (resulting in unsightly scars). The basic cultivation routine is: Stop watering after flowering. Start watering after the old leaves are completely dry (usually late March or Early April). Water freely during the growing season, soak the compost fully but allow it to dry out between waterings. In the winter season the plant doesn’t need watering, the plant in this time extracts water from the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to shrivel away, relocating water to the rest of the plant and to the new leaves that form during this period. If grown in a container, bottom watering by immersing the container is recommended. Water sparingly only when warm, no water when cold. Nearly all problems occur as a result of overwatering and poor ventilation, especially when weather conditions are dull and cool or very humid. They must have very dry atmosphere.
Fertilization: Feed them once during the growing season with a fertilizer specifically formulated for cactus and succulents (high potash fertilizer with a dilute low nitrogen), including all micro nutrients and trace elements diluted to ½ the strength recommended on the label. They thrive in poor soils and need a limited supplies of fertilizer to avoid the plants developing excess vegetation, which is easily attacked by fungal diseases. Some growers fertilize frequently, some hardly ever. However, for the highly succulent mesembs, (Lithops, Conophytums, etc.) fertilization is not really necessary.
Light: They prefer a very bright situation and in winter they need the maximum amount of light you are able to give them, but keep more cool and partially shaded in summer. The only exception to this is seedlings in their first year that enjoy a shades place. Such tiny plants can easily get scorched or broiled and their appearance spoiled (this may not matter in the wild, where the Lithops have probably shrunk into the ground and becomes covered with sands). Outdoor (Lithops prefer full sun, with some shade in the hottest summer months. High levels of light are needed in autumn to flower and for good plant development. The low intensity of sun light during the growing season of this species generally prevents the white flower flowers from opening.
Special Advice: Lithops are best planted in a sunny and airy part of the greenhouse, and not too close to the glass roof or sides of the house as the plants can overheat during hot spells.
Hardiness: They require a minimum temperature 5°C (But will take a light frost and are hardy down to -7° C for short periods if they are in dry soil). USDA zones 9A – 11.
Uses: Container, rock garden.
Pests & diseases: Lithops may be attractive to a variety of insects, but plants in good condition should be nearly pest-free, particularly if they are grown in a mineral potting-mix, with good exposure and ventilation. Nonetheless, there are several pests to watch for:
- Red spiders: they may be effectively rubbed up by misting the vulnerable plants every day.
- Mealy bugs: occasianlly they develop aerial into the new leaves and flowers with disfiguring results, but the worst types develop underground on the roots and are invisible except by their effects.
- Sciara Flies: they are one of the major problems for seedlings. It is a good practice to mulch your seedlings with a layer of grit, which will strongly discourage the flies.
- Scales, thrips and aphids: (they are rarely a problem.)
It is wise to treat your whole collection with a systemic insecticide twice a year in spring and autumn.
- Rot: it is only a minor problem with mesembs if the plants are watered and “aired” correctly. If they are not, fungicides won't help all that much.
Remarks: After flowering in the autumn and extending through winter season the plant doesn’t need watering, but they will still be growing, the new bodies will be increasing in size extracting water from the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to shrivel away. In fact the plant in this time extracts water and nutrient stored in the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to dehydrate relocating the water to the rest of the plant and to the new leaves that form during this period until the old leaves are reduced to nothing more than "thin papery shells".
Propagation: Seed or (or rarely) cuttings. The small seeds can be sown in pots of fine, well-drained sand, any time during the spring and summer months when temperatures are warm. Cover the seeds with a very fine layer of grit and water from below with a fungicide to prevent damping off. For the first 3-4 days cover the pots with a sheet of glass/clear perspex to keep the humidity levels high. Remove the glass and replace it with light shadecloth and mist once or twice a day for the next two weeks after which most seeds should have germinated. From then on mistings can be reduced to every second and then every third day as the little plants grow. Take the cuttings from a grown-up mother plant. Each cutting must contain one or more heads along with a fraction of root and permit them to dry out a couple of days, lay the cuttings on the soil and insert the stem end partially into the soil. Try to keep the cutting somewhat upright so that the roots are able to grow downward. It is relatively difficult to root Lithops from cuttings and generally pointless as well, so quick are they from seed.
Comment: Improvement of Lithops characteristics: Some growers (but not all!!) think it is very intriguing to reinforce any characteristic of cultivated Lithops of by crossing two similar selected plants and then back-crossing with the mother plant. This way we can eventually get some interesting results. Of course, many of the nicest Lithops we grow in cultivation have already been selected over time. However many Lithops are already nice plants which can’t really be improved, on the other hand one could try to improve the colour or the markings etc. Now if we have two particular plants we may attempt to breed between them and can maybe get a whole improved population and then select some better offspring to continue the selection.
Seed production: Plants can be hand pollinated, using a small paint brush. Remember always to cross different clones as the plants are self-sterile. The seed will remain viable for many years provided it is stored in a cool dry place.