• Lithops schwantesii var. rugosa (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops rugosa Dinter

• Lithops schwantesii Dinter
• Lithops gulielmi L. Bolus
• Lithops kuibisensis Dinter ex H.Jacobsen
• Lithops schwantesii C076 70 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C077 Near Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C079 25 km SW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C080 30 km SW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C106 80 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C143B 60 km NNE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C144 (grey Form) 55 km NNE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C145 55 km NE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C146 55 km NE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C150 (syn. kuibisensis) 25 km E of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C164 25 km SW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C184 (syn. gulielmi) TL: 10 km NW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C185 Near Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C190 70 km SW of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C191 60 km NW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C211 10 km SE of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C250 (grey Form) 120 km SE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii C265 45 km N of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. marthae (Loesch & Tischer) D.T.Cole
• Lithops dinteri var. marthae (Loesch & Tischer) B.Fearn
• Lithops incoronata Dinter
• Lithops marthae Loesch & Tischer
• Lithops schwantesii var. marthae C148 60 km SSE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. marthae C249 TL: 60 km SSE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. marthae C299 120 km SSE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. marthae C411 75 km SE of Aus, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. rugosa (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops rugosa Dinter
• Lithops schwantesii var. rugosa C192 60 km NW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. rugosa C247 TL: 40 km NW of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. triebneri (L. Bolus) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops triebneri L. Bolus
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops christinae de Boer
• Lithops kunjasensis Dinter
• Lithops schwantesii var. kunjasensis (Dinter) de Boer & Boom
• Lithops schwantesii var. nutupsdriftensis de Boer
• Lithops urikosensis Dinter
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C074 (syn. christinae) 50 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C075 (syn. nutupsdriftensis) TL: 35 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C083 Near Bethanien, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C105 TL: 100 km NW of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C107 (syn. christinae) 20 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C186 (syn. kunjasensis) 5 km NE of Helmeringhausen, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C210 (syn. christinae) TL: 45 km W of Maltahöhe, Namibia
• Lithops schwantesii var. urikosensis C248 (syn. kunjasensis) 15 km NE of Helmeringhausen, Namibia

• Lithops schwantesii subs. gebseri (de Boer) D.T.Cole
• Lithops schwantesii var. gebseri de Boer
• Lithops schwantesii subs. gebseri C165 TL: 70 km S of Maltahöhe, Namibia

Description: Lithops schwantesii var. rugosa is a variety seen in the Namibia area at north west of Helmeringhausen that differs from the type in colour. Face is pinky blue, channels are indented of a darker greenish grey with or without deep red lines and many humped areas. The shiny yellow flower appears in the centre between the slip of the two leaves. Apart from a more or less humped surface and somewhat darker channels it is identical and not readily distinguishable from subsp. schwantesii, if not for the geographical provenance.
Habit: It is a tiny caespitose succulent that grows almost completely buried in the soil with only the upper truncated portion of leaves visible. Bodies usually forming small groups with 1-3 heads, but occasionally with more than 15 heads, up to 4 cm high. It is very variable, but conforms to the typical Lithops morphology: two thick, fleshy windowed leaves separated by a crack from which a yellow flower appears. The windowed part allows light into the inner portion of the leaf where the process of photosynthesis is carried out. As with many other species, several varieties or local forms have been described based on the variation of the colour of the tops of the leaves.
Bodies (paired leaves): Truncate in profile, 20-40 mm long, 15-30 mm broad, tops of leaves flat to convex, fissure shallow, faces flush, mostly elliptic-reniform, top of lobe convex; in the young stage slightly rugulose which tends to disappear in the older stage, sides mauve-grey; window not evident or opaque; top of lobes grey-green, grey, yellowish-brown, yellow-reddish, all with a greenish tint or hue with broad darked lines and isolated red dots which are slightly sunk below the surface in depressions, the lines being the dominant feature, both with a slightly mauve-green border, giving the whole upper surface a suffused greenish tint. The whole top with a light-brown border on the inner and outer margin; no definite inner and outer margins. Old leaves persist for one year usually, often for two years. In ssp. schwantesii the windows and channels are often obscurely to pellucidly translucent grey-green.
Flower: Yellow, often with longish pedicels, 20-36 mm in diameter.
Blooming season: Autumn.
Fruit: 5(-6) chambered, profile boat-shaped, top more or less flat, faces elliptic to broadly elliptic.

Bibliography: Major refences and further lectures
1) Heidrun E. K. Hartmann “Aizoaceae F – Z” Springer 2002
2) Achim Hecktheuer “Mesembs, mehr als nur Lithops” Books on Demand GmbH Norderstedt. 2008
3) Desmond T. Cole & Naureen A. Cole, Uwe Beyer, Yves Delange “Les Lithops” SUCCULENTES Spécial 2008 AIAPS (now Terra seca). 2008
4) Desmond T. Cole & Naureen A. Cole “LITHOPS Flowering Stones” Cactus & Co. Libri. 2005
5) Yasuhiko Shimada “The Genus Lithops” Dobun Shoin. 2001
6) Rudolf Heine “Lithops - Lebende Steine” Neumann Verlag. 1986
7) Bernd Schlösser “Lithops – Lebende Steine” Praktische Anleitung für die Zimmerkultur. BussinessPoint MEDIA. 2000
8) Steven A. Hammer “Lithops – Treasures of the veld” British Cactus and Succulent Society. 1999
9) Desmond T. Cole “Lithops – Flowering Stones” Acorn Books 1988
10) Rudolf Heine “Lithops – lebende Steine” Neumann Verlag. 1986
11) David L. Sprechman “Lithops” Associated University Presses, Inc. 1970
12) Gert Cornelius Nel “Lithops” Hortors Limited, South Africa 1946
13) Edgar Lamb "The illustrated reference on cacti and other succulents" Blandford Press. 1978
14) Christopher Brickell, Royal Horticultural Society "RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants: K-Z., Volume 2" Kindersley, 2008
15) G. C. Nel “Lithops: Plantae succulantae, rarissimae, in terra obscuratae, e famailia Aizoaceae, ex Africa australi” Hortors Limited, 1946

Cultivation and Propagation: The Lithops (a.k.a. Living Stones) are some of the world's most fascinating plants and are sought by the collector of succulent plants. Paying attention to the particular growing requirement of Lithops is especially important. If you provide the Lithops with the right conditions, they will reward you with their unique shape, size, colour and a proliferation of blooms in autumn. However, Lithops are tricky plants that are very particular about their growing conditions and require the right maintenance in order to keep happy. But don't be afraid even the best growers have plants that mysteriously dry up, or leave during the night. While Lithops are picky about their care, if you are patient and remember the basics, your efforts will be rewarded. Being small plants, a representative collection can be grown on a patio table, a sunny windowsill or a shelf in the greenhouse.
Growing rate: Slow growing for a mesemb.
Soil: They grow best in an open mineral, sandy-gritty soil and requires good drainage as they are prone to root rot. They can grow outdoor in sunny, dry, rock crevices (protection against winter wet is required) They can also be cultivated in alpine house, in poor, drained soil.
Repotting: They may stay in the same pot for many years. Plants grown in larger containers have frequently relatively poor flowers. Flowers might improve when the plants are given their own, small individual pots.
Watering They Require little water otherwise the epidermis breaks (resulting in unsightly scars). The basic cultivation routine is: Stop watering after flowering. Start watering after the old leaves are completely dry (usually late March or Early April). Water freely during the growing season, soak the compost fully but allow it to dry out between waterings. In the winter season the plant doesn’t need watering, the plant in this time extracts water from the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to shrivel away, relocating water to the rest of the plant and to the new leaves that form during this period. If grown in a container, bottom watering by immersing the container is recommended. Water sparingly only when warm, no water when cold. Nearly all problems occur as a result of overwatering and poor ventilation, especially when weather conditions are dull and cool or very humid. They must have very dry atmosphere.
Fertilization: Feed them once during the growing season with a fertilizer specifically formulated for cactus and succulents (high potash fertilizer with a dilute low nitrogen), including all micro nutrients and trace elements diluted to ½ the strength recommended on the label. They thrive in poor soils and need a limited supplies of fertilizer to avoid the plants developing excess vegetation, which is easily attacked by fungal diseases. Some growers fertilize frequently, some hardly ever. However, for the highly succulent mesembs, (Lithops, Conophytums, etc.) fertilization is not really necessary.
Light: They prefer a very bright situation and in winter they need the maximum amount of light you are able to give them, but keep more cool and partially shaded in summer. The only exception to this is seedlings in their first year that enjoy a shades place. Such tiny plants can easily get scorched or broiled and their appearance spoiled (this may not matter in the wild, where the Lithops have probably shrunk into the ground and becomes covered with sands). Outdoor (Lithops prefer full sun, with some shade in the hottest summer months. High levels of light are needed in autumn to flower and for good plant development. The low intensity of sun light during the growing season of this species generally prevents the white flower flowers from opening.
Special Advice: Lithops are best planted in a sunny and airy part of the greenhouse, and not too close to the glass roof or sides of the house as the plants can overheat during hot spells.
Hardiness: They require a minimum temperature 5°C (But will take a light frost and are hardy down to -7° C for short periods if they are in dry soil). USDA zones 9A – 11.
Uses: Container, rock garden.
Pests & diseases: Lithops may be attractive to a variety of insects, but plants in good condition should be nearly pest-free, particularly if they are grown in a mineral potting-mix, with good exposure and ventilation. Nonetheless, there are several pests to watch for:
- Red spiders: they may be effectively rubbed up by misting the vulnerable plants every day.
- Mealy bugs: occasianlly they develop aerial into the new leaves and flowers with disfiguring results, but the worst types develop underground on the roots and are invisible except by their effects.
- Sciara Flies: they are one of the major problems for seedlings. It is a good practice to mulch your seedlings with a layer of grit, which will strongly discourage the flies.
- Scales, thrips and aphids: (they are rarely a problem.)
It is wise to treat your whole collection with a systemic insecticide twice a year in spring and autumn.
- Rot: it is only a minor problem with mesembs if the plants are watered and “aired” correctly. If they are not, fungicides won't help all that much.
Remarks: After flowering in the autumn and extending through winter season the plant doesn’t need watering, but they will still be growing, the new bodies will be increasing in size extracting water from the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to shrivel away. In fact the plant in this time extracts water and nutrient stored in the outer succulent leaves, allowing them to dehydrate relocating the water to the rest of the plant and to the new leaves that form during this period until the old leaves are reduced to nothing more than "thin papery shells".
Propagation: Seed or (or rarely) cuttings. The small seeds can be sown in pots of fine, well-drained sand, any time during the spring and summer months when temperatures are warm. Cover the seeds with a very fine layer of grit and water from below with a fungicide to prevent damping off. For the first 3-4 days cover the pots with a sheet of glass/clear perspex to keep the humidity levels high. Remove the glass and replace it with light shadecloth and mist once or twice a day for the next two weeks after which most seeds should have germinated. From then on mistings can be reduced to every second and then every third day as the little plants grow. Take the cuttings from a grown-up mother plant. Each cutting must contain one or more heads along with a fraction of root and permit them to dry out a couple of days, lay the cuttings on the soil and insert the stem end partially into the soil. Try to keep the cutting somewhat upright so that the roots are able to grow downward. It is relatively difficult to root Lithops from cuttings and generally pointless as well, so quick are they from seed.
Comment: Improvement of Lithops characteristics: Some growers (but not all!!) think it is very intriguing to reinforce any characteristic of cultivated Lithops of by crossing two similar selected plants and then back-crossing with the mother plant. This way we can eventually get some interesting results. Of course, many of the nicest Lithops we grow in cultivation have already been selected over time. However many Lithops are already nice plants which can’t really be improved, on the other hand one could try to improve the colour or the markings etc. Now if we have two particular plants we may attempt to breed between them and can maybe get a whole improved population and then select some better offspring to continue the selection.
Seed production: Plants can be hand pollinated, using a small paint brush. Remember always to cross different clones as the plants are self-sterile. The seed will remain viable for many years provided it is stored in a cool dry place.