Origin and Habitat: Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), border area to Uruguay. Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. matoense has been reported only in a very small area on the east of Porto Murtinho, in the Brazilian forest on the border of Paraguay, just on the east of Rio Paraguay that here forms the border between Brazil and Paraguay.
Altitude range: Around 250-300 metres above sea level.
Habitat and ecology: It grows at low altitudes on rock formations.

• Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. matoense (Buining & Bredero) P.J.Braun & Esteves
• Gymnocalycium matoense Buining & Bredero
• Gymnocalycium megatae subs. matoense (Buining & Bredero) H.Till

• Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. matoense (Buining & Bredero) P.J.Braun & Esteves
• Gymnocalycium matoense Buining & Bredero
• Gymnocalycium megatae subs. matoense (Buining & Bredero) H.Till
• Gymnocalycium tortuga R.Blossfeld ex Backeb.

• Gymnocalycium marsoneri Y.Itô
• Gymnocalycium delaetii subs. marsoneri (Y.Itô) H.Till & Amerh.
• Gymnocalycium fricianum Plesnik
• Gymnocalycium hamatum F.Ritter
• Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. megatae (Y.Itô) G.J.Charles
• Gymnocalycium megatae Y.Itô
• Gymnocalycium onychacanthum Y.Itô
• Gymnocalycium pseudomalacocarpus Backeb.
• Gymnocalycium anisitsii var. pseudomalacocarpus Backeb. ex H.Till & Amerh.
• Gymnocalycium tudae var. pseudomalacocarpus (Backeb.) Donald
• Gymnocalycium tudae Y.Itô
• Gymnocalycium tudae var. bolivianum F.Ritter

• Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. matoense cv. Multiproliferum hort.
• Gymnocalycium matoense f. prolifera hort.

Description: Gymnocalycium marsoneriSN|31212]]SN|13338]] subs. matoense (firstly described as Gymnocalycium matoenseSN|13338]]SN|13343]] by Buining & Bredero in 1975) is the Brazilian population of Gymnocalycium marsoneriSN|13338]]SN|13338]]. It has a rather flattened bronze-green, tuberculate body with about 21 ribs and bluish green fruits. However the distinguishing characteristics of subs. matoense, appear to fall within the natural variation of Gymnocalycium marsoneriSN|13343]]SN|13338]] and it should be presumably synonymized with the latter.
Stem: Solitary, spherical flattened up to 15 cm in diameter and 7 cm high dull grey-green to olive-brown or bronze-green in full sun.
Ribs: Up to 21, deeply, divided into large, spirally arranged tubercles..
Areoles: Sunken in a depression of the tubercles
Spines: Young areoles bears about 7(-9) radial spines, slightly recurved, 2-3 cm long, brown at first with a lighter base, then darker. Occasionally on older areoles, a central spine can be seen.
Flowers: 3-3.5 cm long, 3-4.5 cm in diameter, outside brownish with bright white or greenish-white inner petals.
Fruits: The ripe fruit is glaucous-green or light blue.
Seeds: 1 mm long, pale brown.
Remarks: This species is quite variable in morphology, globose to somewhat elongated (in cultivation), solitary or sending out many suckers from the base and sides. The odd proliferating form is the more common in cultivation, and may probably considered a morphological variant or mutant. The ribs in the proliferating form are usually less (8 or 9) bright green, and the spines are only to 4-7, thinner, bristle-like, yellowish-white or brownish, later grey. ( see: Gymnocalycium marsoneri subs. matoense cv. MultiproliferumSN|13338]]SN|31212]] )

Bibliography: Major references and further lectures
1) David R Hunt; Nigel P Taylor; Graham Charles; International Cactaceae Systematics Group. "The New Cactus Lexicon" dh books, 2006
2) James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey "The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass" Cambridge University Press, 11/Aug/2011

Cultivation and Propagation: Gymnocalycium marsoneriSN|13338]]SN|13338]] is a summer grower species that is easy to cultivate.
Growth rate: It is a relatively rapidly growing and easily flowering species that will make clumps given the best conditions.
Soils: It likes very porous standard cactus mix soil. Prefer a low pH compost, avoid substrata rich in limestone; otherwise growth will stop altogether.
Repotting: This plant needs plenty of space for its roots, repotting should be done every other year or when the it has outgrown its pot. Use pot with good drainage.
Watering: Needs moderate to copious waterings in summer, but do not overwater (Rot prone), keep dry in winter at a minimum temperature of 0°C.
Fertilization: Feed with a high potassium fertilizer in summer.
Hardiness: Reputedly resistant to frost if kept on the dry side prior to, and during, cold weather (hardy to -5 C ° C, or less for short periods).
Exposition: The plant tolerates extremely bright situations but enjoys filtered sunlight or afternoon shade, inside it needs bright light, and some direct sun. Tends to bronze in strong light, which encourages flowering and heavy spine production, but is likely to suffer from sun scorch or stunted growth if over exposed to direct sunlight during the hottest part of the day in summer.
Uses: It is an excellent plant for container growing. It always looks good and stays small. It look fine in a cold greenhouse and frame or outdoor in a rockery.
Pests & diseases: It may be attractive to a variety of insects, but plants in good condition should be nearly pest-free, particularly if they are grown in a mineral potting-mix, with good exposure and ventilation. Nonetheless, there are several pests to watch for:
- Red spiders: Red spiders may be effectively rubbed up by watering the plants from above.
- Mealy bugs: Mealy bugs occasionally develop aerial into the new growth among the wool with disfiguring results, but the worst types develop underground on the roots and are invisible except by their effects.
- Scales: Scales are rarely a problem.
- Rot: This species is particularly easy and accommodating, seldom suffer of cryptogamic diseases. Rot it is only a minor problem with gymnocalyciums if the plants are watered and “aired” correctly. If they are not, fungicides won't help all that much.
Propagation: Division, direct sow after last frost. Seeds germinate in 7-14 days at 21-27° C in spring, remove gradually the glass cover as soon the plants will be well rooted (ca 1-2 weeks) and keep ventilated, no full sun for young plants! To make a cutting twist off a branch and permit it to dry out a couple of weeks, lay it on the soil and insert the stem end partially into the soil. Try to keep the cutting somewhat upright so that the roots are able to grow downward.